Ixodes Scapularis: How to identify the deer tick, and how they transmit diseases to pets
How Ixodes scapularis (Black-legged Deer Tick) can impact pets
Ixodes scapularis, also known as the Black-legged Deer Tick. Credit: TickReport
As pet owners, we want nothing but the best for our furry companions. We ensure they receive proper nutrition, exercise, and love. However, one tiny creature often unseen can pose a significant threat to our pets' health -Ixodes scapularis, commonly known as the Black-legged tick or Deer Tick. In this post, we will delve into the world of Ixodes scapularis ticks and the diseases they can spread to our beloved pets.
The Culprit: Ixodes scapularis Tick
Ixodes scapularis ticks are small, blood-sucking arachnids that are notorious for transmitting various diseases to both humans and animals. These ticks are commonly found in wooded areas, tall grasses, and leaf piles, making them a potential threat to pets who enjoy outdoor activities.
Common Diseases Transmitted by Ixodes Scapularis Ticks:
Lyme Disease:
Lyme disease is one of the most well-known diseases associated with Ixodes scapularis ticks.
It is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is transmitted through the tick's bite.
Symptoms in pets may include lameness, joint pain, fever, and lethargy.
Anaplasmosis:
Anaplasmosis is another tick-borne disease caused by the bacterium Anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Infected pets may exhibit symptoms like fever, lethargy, joint pain, and decreased appetite.
Ehrlichiosis:
Ehrlichiosis is caused by various species of the Ehrlichia bacterium: most commonly E. ewingii, E. canis, and E. chaffeensis
Pets with Ehrlichiosis may display symptoms such as fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, and bleeding disorders.
Babesiosis:
Babesiosis is caused by protozoa of the Babesia species. In the U.S., it is primarily caused by Babesia microti.
It can lead to symptoms such as fever, weakness, pale gums, and in severe cases, organ failure.
Identifying Ixodes scapularis
Spotting and identifying Ixodes is half of the battle. Knowing what species or even genus of tick that is preying on your pets can help you narrow down what pathogens to be concerned about from a specific bite.
1. Size and Color:
Ixodes scapularis ticks go through several life stages, including larvae, nymphs, and adults. The size and coloration of these ticks can vary depending on their life stage:
Larvae: Newly hatched black-legged ticks are tiny, measuring about 1 mm (less than 1/16 inch) in size. They have six legs and are often translucent or light brown.
Nymphs: Nymphs are slightly larger, around 1-2 mm in size. They have eight legs and are typically brown or dark brown.
Adults: Adult Ixodes scapularis ticks are the most recognizable. Females are larger than males, measuring about 2-3 mm for males and 3-5 mm for females. Females have a reddish-brown to black body with a dark shield-like structure called the scutum on their back, while males are typically brownish-black.
Ixodes scapularis looks drastically different depending on the tick’s life stage and feeding status. Color variation and size variation are all normal and expected. Photo credit: TickReport
2. Body Shape:
Ixodes scapularis ticks have a distinct body shape. They are dorsoventrally flattened, meaning their bodies are flattened from top to bottom (or the “back” to the “belly”). This shape allows them to hide easily in the fur or feathers of their hosts.
3. Mouthparts:
One of the key features of Ixodes scapularis ticks is their mouthparts. These ticks have a unique structure known as a capitulum, which projects forward from the body. The capitulum contains the mouthparts, including sharp, barbed mouthparts called chelicerae and a feeding tube called a hypostome. When feeding, they embed these mouthparts into the host's skin.
4. Behavior:
Ixodes scapularis quests for hosts by extending their front legs in the air. They latch on to a host using the claws on their legs.
Ixodes scapularis ticks are most active during the spring, summer, and early fall. They are often found in wooded and grassy areas, as well as on the edges of trails and in leaf litter. These ticks are questing parasites, which means they climb up tall grasses and shrubs, extending their front legs in the air, waiting for a host to pass by. When a potential host brushes against them, they grab onto the host and begin to feed.
This map shows the estimated distribution of Ixodes scapularis tick populations, commonly known as blacklegged or deer ticks. Credit: CDC
5. Geographic Distribution:
Ixodes scapularis ticks and their closest relatives are commonly found in the northeastern, north-central, and Pacific coastal regions of the United States. They are also found in parts of Canada. However, their range may be expanding due to climate change.
Conclusion:
Ixodes scapularis ticks may be small, but the diseases they carry can have a significant impact on the health of our pets. Being vigilant and proactive in tick prevention, regular tick checks, and seeking veterinary care when needed can help protect our furry friends from the potentially devastating consequences of tick-borne diseases. By understanding the risks associated with Ixodes scapularis ticks, we can ensure a safer and healthier life for our beloved pets.
